Grammar Info

N1 Lesson 5: 5/17

かれ〜かれOr, Either or

Structure

［い］Adjective［い］+ かれ + ［い］Adjective［い］(Antonym) + かれ

遅(おそ)かれ早(はや)かれ - sooner or later
多(おお)かれ少(すく)なかれ - more or less
to a greater or lesser extent
良(よ)かれ悪(あ)しかれ - good or bad
for better or worse

Details

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About かれ〜かれ

かれ～かれ is a grammar pattern that pairs with opposite い-Adjectives in Japanese to convey that 'whether (A) or (B), the result will be the same'. It is usually translated as 'or', or 'either (A) or (B)'. Originally, this structure was a contraction of the conjunctive stem of い-Adjectives, く, and the imperative form of the う-Verb ある 'to be', あれ. い-Adjectives do not have their own imperative form, so くあれ and then the abbreviation かれ evolved to fill this role. As it is imperative, the literal meaning is simply 'be it (A) or (B)', and is a declaration.

かれ～かれ will attach to the stem of 2 adjectives that are antonyms, before going on to explain how the result remains the same regardless.

かれ～かれ is used with a very limited set of adjectives, so it is best not to use it with words that you have not come across previously.

Caution

In the case of 良(よ)い 'good' and 悪(わる)い 'bad', 悪(わる)い will be read as 悪(あ)しかれ, which comes from the archaic 悪(あ)し 'bad'. This is considered as set phrase in modern Japanese.

  • この発明(はつめい)は、良(よ)かれ悪(あ)しかれたくさんの人(ひと)に影響(えいきょう)を与(あた)えるだろう。
    This invention will affect a lot of people, for better or worse.

Examples

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    「こんなにタバコを吸(す)い続(つづ)けては遅(おそ)かれ早(はや)かれ病気(びょうき)になるだろう。」

    'If you keep on smoking like this, sooner or later you will get sick.'

    この発見(はっけん)はよかれあしかれ、大(おお)きな変化(へんか)をもたらすだろう。

    For better or worse, this discovery will bring great change.

    好奇心(こうきしん)は多(おお)かれすくなかれ誰(だれ)もが持(も)っているものだろう。

    Curiosity is something that everybody has, to a greater or lesser extent.

    遅(おそ)かれはやかれ有人(ゆうじん)火星(かせい)探査(たんさ)の時代(じだい)はやってくるはずだ。

    I am sure that sooner or later, the era of manned missions to Mars will come.

    よかれあしかれ、確(たし)かに社会(しゃかい)がキャッシュレス化(か)する傾向(けいこう)が続(つづ)いている。

    For better or worse, the trend of society turning cashless continues.

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